Library · Evidence · 14 minutes
Industry reference journeys
The work across the whole journey.
Explore the handoffs, technical considerations and contributions from separate projects. These are generalized industry references, not employer system diagrams. Measures are illustrative, not achieved results; proposed designs and work in progress are identified separately.
Four domains. The decisions that connect them.
Prescription: From prescription to the next refill.
Clinical and billing checks may run in parallel. Controlled-substance checks and reporting are conditional branches, not a universal extra step.
- Receive & prepare. Prescription, patient and medication details enter intake. New Rx, transfer and renewal are separate entry paths. Supporting account
- Coverage & billing. Coverage and cost information are checked; early billing is a proposed sequencing branch. Early billing may overlap verification. Reversal or rebill is a controlled human/system action, not AI authority. Supporting account
- Verify, DUR & PDMP. A pharmacist reviews clinical signals; controlled-substance work follows applicable requirements. DUR; dose/allergy/interaction concerns; controlled-substance checks. Existing reporting detail remains below. Supporting account
- Order & readiness. The patient confirms applicable price and order details; readiness checks govern release. Customer ordering and pharmacy release are distinct states. Supporting account
- Dispense & deliver. Final checks, dispensing and delivery carry the prescription to the patient. Controlled-substance reporting is tied to applicable dispense/reporting requirements, not universally to delivery. Supporting account
- Care, report & renew. Patient questions, required reporting and renewal needs feed the next cycle. Care runs across all stages. Reporting and refill/renewal are parallel follow-through paths. Supporting account
Read the original prescription map
AI-assisted care: One contact. Context that leads to care.
Production console capabilities and the public agentic design study have separate evidence. Amazon Pharmacy SMS/OTP authentication launched. Automated wrap-up is a separate capability whose delivery status is unspecified.
- Contact & verify. A customer contacts Amazon Pharmacy care; an automated text/SMS code replaces the former manual verification step. Amazon Pharmacy customer-care authentication. Separate from Cigna health-plan enrollment and Kafka work. Supporting account
- Assemble context. Relevant order, prescription and prior-contact context becomes a useful brief. Retrieval and summarization help the representative; they do not grant authority. Supporting account
- Review & decide. A representative reviews the brief and chooses a permitted next step. End-to-end product leadership and key decisions span capabilities; individual implementation roles and shipped outcomes are specified separately. Supporting account
- Act & reconcile. The permitted action is executed and its actual result checked. Clinical escalation and billing explanations do not imply autonomous clinical or financial writes. Supporting account
- Explain & close. The customer receives an explanation and an appropriate next step. Different capabilities’ outcomes are measured separately. Supporting account
- Evaluate & improve. Quality review and feedback improve the next contact. Human review gates knowledge updates and any deployment. Supporting account
Procurement: From catalog setup to a reconciled order.
Hosted catalog, PunchOut and quote requests are alternative entry paths. They converge at approval and ordering; every purchase does not require a quote.
- Onboard & configure. Buyer and supplier agree account setup, content and integration requirements. Supplier and customer changes both re-enter configured review. Supporting account
- Browse & build need. A buyer uses a hosted catalog or a PunchOut shopping experience. Direct catalog shopping and PunchOut are distinct paths; Punch-in is separately preserved. Supporting account
- Source & quote. When quoting is needed, the seller matches demand and communicates price and terms. Quote creation and price-lock terms are distinct from award; award triggers inventory reservation. Quoting is optional; direct catalog purchasing can bypass this branch. Supporting account
- Award & order. Quote award triggers inventory reservation. After award, an award receipt is sent through integration. Order placement uses the applicable ordering interface. Award-triggered reservation and post-award integrated receipt apply to the quoting path. Direct purchases retain their applicable approval/order path. Supporting account
- Fulfill & inform. The seller fulfills the order and communicates its status. Retain the existing case’s quote controls and arithmetic demonstration. Supporting account
- Invoice & learn. Invoice, receipt and order context support reconciliation and future improvement. Feedback can improve catalog data, unit interpretation or partner onboarding. Supporting account
Payer & PBM: From plan design to care and reconciliation.
This is a capability map with branching paths, not a mandatory sequence. Employer/group and individual/family enrollment differ; medical, pharmacy and rebate processing have separate contracts.
- Client & plan. Plan configuration includes network participation and preferred-pharmacy choices where applicable at Rx level. Group and individual/family market paths remain distinct. Pharmacy network contracting and clinical governance have different responsibilities. Supporting account
- Enroll & identify. Open-enrollment intake, active enrollment setup and premium payment connect the IFP experience. Programs included ACA/Obamacare and Cigna participation in state-sponsored plans. Specific programs may differ. Supporting account
- Access & experience. A member finds care, checks benefits and uses digital or assisted service. Networks, digital experience, ID cards and ongoing care remain continuous capabilities. Supporting account
- Medical ↔ pharmacy. Medical and pharmacy claims follow different paths; a shared drug catalog supports pharmacy data and rule use. Formulary, step therapy, exclusion, prior authorization and MAC lists are nested catalog capabilities. FDA status is distinct from list inclusion. Supporting account
- Pay, explain & rebate. Rebate finance connects PBM/manufacturer contracts, pharmacy-claims calculations, invoicing, reconciliation and client sharing. Separate from provider payment/835 and member EOB. Sharing included 50/50 and fixed-sharing options; no other terms are implied. Supporting account
- Report, change & renew. Operational and financial feedback informs corrections, product changes and renewal. Actuarial/reporting, client feedback, IFP changes and member renewal remain connected parts of the product-leadership journey; specific decisions, delivery roles and outcomes are described separately. Supporting account
01
The prescription lifecycle — the work, handoffs and my contributions.
8 stages: generalized incomplete work and visibility across the prescription lifecycle.
Under each stage, a red-edged chip holds what it had to handle and the blue rail marks the related product contributions. Each card ends with illustrative measures, not achieved results.
- Uncertainty: what each stage had to handle
- Made visible: related product contributions
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01 Intake
Channel differences affect data quality and traceability.
I investigated a renewal-related defect.
The full account of 01 Intake
Stage 1 · Intake
Contributions and requirements
- I investigated a renewal-related defect that created unnecessary work and contributed intake requirements for a customer migration.
Involves
Electronic prescriptions, images and transfers.
Illustrative measures
Volume by channel; renewal success rate; time in queue; intake defects per thousand.
Measured byIntake defectsper thousand, with renewal success rate
Images and transfersRequire their own interpretation, made visible
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02 Prescription processing
OCR and machine learning can extract information from images.
I worked on pairing automation coverage with quality evaluation.
The full account of 02 Prescription processing
Stage 2 · Prescription processing
Contributions and requirements
- I worked on prescription data-entry assistance, pairing automation coverage with quality evaluation and operator feedback.
Illustrative measures
Net automation rate paired with downstream error rate; time to typed; feedback tickets closed.
Measured byNet automation ratepaired with downstream error rate
Extracted informationStill needs appropriate evaluation, made visible
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03 Clinical verification
A qualified pharmacist reviews relevant information.
I helped modernize a pharmacist verification experience.
The full account of 03 Clinical verification
Stage 3 · Clinical verification
Contributions and requirements
- I helped modernize a pharmacist verification experience and its supporting checks. Historical comparisons, responsiveness and professional effort informed readiness.
- I treated alert fatigue as a cause-analysis problem rather than broad suppression; this optimization program is work in progress.
Involves
Relevant information, drug-data checks and pharmacist review.
Illustrative measures
Transactions per hour per pharmacist; automated-success rate; manual-review rate; alerts per prescription; latency p50/p90.
Measured byManual-review ratewith automated-success rate and latency
Alert fatigueA cause-analysis problem, not broad suppression, made visible
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04 Controlled-substance checks
A product must make responsibility and uncertainty clear.
I developed requirements for verification capabilities.
The full account of 04 Controlled-substance checks
Stage 4 · Controlled-substance & red-flag checks
Contributions and requirements
- I developed requirements for verification capabilities and worked with specialist partners to interpret applicable obligations.
- I scoped bounded self-service improvements so professionals could complete appropriate work without unnecessary engineering dependency.
Involves
Applicable rules, professional verification and clear responsibility.
Illustrative measures
Manual checks avoided; false-positive rate on flags; time to clear; risk score by failure mode.
Measured byManual checks avoidedwith false-positive rate on flags
Applicable obligationsNeed specialist interpretation, made visible
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05 Billing & adjudication
Rejections require understanding the reason and the appropriate next action.
Production billing support after a pilot and phased rollout.
The full account of 05 Billing & adjudication
Stage 5 · Billing & adjudication
Contributions and requirements
- Billing support is in production after a pilot and phased rollout. Correction controls depend on the workflow.
- I used actuals to refine the projected savings opportunity and written requirements to explain the exceptions.
Illustrative measures
Paid-on-first-pass rate; billing tasks per month; cost to fill per unit.
Measured byPaid-on-first-pass ratewith cost to fill per unit
A proposed correctionIs not proof of a successful outcome, made visible
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06 Fulfillment
Changes in relevant context can require qualified review.
I analyzed earlier review context against later activity.
The full account of 06 Fulfillment
Stage 6 · Fulfillment
Contributions and requirements
- I analyzed differences between earlier review context and later activity, then aligned requirements with clinical and operational partners.
- I worked on clear handling of unresolved conditions and the experience of the customer affected.
Illustrative measures
Reviews completed; cancellation rate; promise-time attainment; orders saved.
Measured byPromise-time attainmentwith reviews completed and orders saved
Unresolved conditionsNeed clear handling for the customer affected, made visible
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07 Patient care
Clinical questions require appropriate professional authority.
I shaped customer-care assistance around checkable suggestions.
The full account of 07 Patient care
Stage 7 · Patient care
Contributions and requirements
- I shaped customer-care assistance around useful context, checkable suggestions and responsible human involvement.
- I examined continuity when a conversation moved between automated assistance and a representative.
Involves
Useful context, checkable suggestions and human involvement.
Illustrative measures
Resolution without a human; handle time; contacts per hundred units; copilot latency and cost per interaction.
Measured byResolution without a humanwith handle time
ContinuityBetween automated assistance and a representative, made visible
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08 Compliance reporting
Reporting requirements vary by jurisdiction.
I worked on reporting automation.
The full account of 08 Compliance reporting
Stage 8 · Compliance reporting
Contributions and requirements
- I worked on reporting automation.
- I helped define state-specific reporting rules and failure handling.
Involves
Applicable obligations, complete information and responsible ownership.
Illustrative measures
Illustrative target: zero missed submissions. Example measure: daily facility reconciliation across source, configuration and reporting.
Measured byFacility reconciliationdaily: source vs configured vs reporting
Incomplete work visibleTraceability, bounded actions and reconciliation
The pattern
Extracted information still needs appropriate evaluation, and a proposed correction is not proof of a successful outcome.
- daily facility reconciliation across source, configuration and reporting (stage 08 measure)
- Daily
Channel differences affect data quality and traceability.
I helped define state-specific reporting rules and failure handling.
These are generalized industry references, not employer system diagrams. Every card and total shows how a stage is measured, not a claimed result.
- Prescription channels and intake quality
- Data extraction with quality evaluation
- Professional review supported by relevant information
- Verification responsibilities and applicable obligations
- Billing response and exception handling
- Fulfillment and relevant review context
- Customer support and human continuity
- Reporting obligations and completeness
Generalized industry reference.
Stage 1 · Intake
Prescription channels and intake quality
What happens
- Electronic prescriptions can use NCPDP SCRIPT; images and transfers require their own interpretation. Channel differences affect data quality and traceability.
What I built or changed
- I investigated a renewal-related defect that created unnecessary work and contributed intake requirements for a customer migration.
Illustrative measures
- Volume by channel; renewal success rate; time in queue; intake defects per thousand.
Stage 2 · Prescription processing
Data extraction with quality evaluation
What happens
- OCR and machine learning can extract information from images; standard identifiers help represent it consistently. Extracted information still needs appropriate evaluation.
What I built or changed
- I worked on prescription data-entry assistance, pairing automation coverage with quality evaluation and operator feedback.
Illustrative measures
- Net automation rate paired with downstream error rate; time to typed; feedback tickets closed.
Stage 3 · Clinical verification
Professional review supported by relevant information
What happens
- A qualified pharmacist reviews relevant information, supported by drug-data checks appropriate to the task.
What I built or changed
- I helped modernize a pharmacist verification experience and its supporting checks. Historical comparisons, responsiveness and professional effort informed readiness.
- I treated alert fatigue as a cause-analysis problem rather than broad suppression; this optimization program is work in progress.
Illustrative measures
- Transactions per hour per pharmacist; automated-success rate; manual-review rate; alerts per prescription; latency p50/p90.
Stage 4 · Controlled-substance & red-flag checks
Verification responsibilities and applicable obligations
What happens
- Controlled-substance requirements and professional verification involve applicable rules and specialist interpretation. A product must make responsibility and uncertainty clear.
What I built or changed
- I developed requirements for verification capabilities and worked with specialist partners to interpret applicable obligations.
- I scoped bounded self-service improvements so professionals could complete appropriate work without unnecessary engineering dependency.
Illustrative measures
- Manual checks avoided; false-positive rate on flags; time to clear; risk score by failure mode.
Stage 5 · Billing & adjudication
Billing response and exception handling
What happens
- Claims exchange uses industry standards. Rejections require understanding the reason and the appropriate next action; a proposed correction is not proof of a successful outcome.
Production support and requirements work
- Billing support is in production after a pilot and phased rollout. Correction controls depend on the workflow.
- I used actuals to refine the projected savings opportunity and written requirements to explain the exceptions.
Illustrative measures
- Paid-on-first-pass rate; billing tasks per month; cost to fill per unit.
Stage 6 · Fulfillment
Fulfillment and relevant review context
What happens
- Preparation, packaging and delivery connect physical activity with information about the intended product. Changes in relevant context can require qualified review.
What I built or changed
- I analyzed differences between earlier review context and later activity, then aligned requirements with clinical and operational partners.
- I worked on clear handling of unresolved conditions and the experience of the customer affected.
Illustrative measures
- Reviews completed; cancellation rate; promise-time attainment; orders saved.
Stage 7 · Patient care
Customer support and human continuity
What happens
- Customers ask about refills, delivery, coverage and other needs through multiple channels. Clinical questions require appropriate professional authority.
What I built or changed
- I shaped customer-care assistance around useful context, checkable suggestions and responsible human involvement.
- I examined continuity when a conversation moved between automated assistance and a representative.
Illustrative measures
- Resolution without a human; handle time; contacts per hundred units; copilot latency and cost per interaction.
Stage 8 · Compliance reporting
Reporting obligations and completeness
What happens
- Reporting requirements vary by jurisdiction. Product work connects applicable obligations with complete information, traceability and responsible ownership.
What I built or changed
- I worked on reporting automation.
- I helped define state-specific reporting rules and failure handling.
Illustrative measures
- Illustrative target: zero missed submissions. Example measure: daily facility reconciliation across source, configuration and reporting.
02
The member and claim lifecycle — the work, handoffs and my contributions.
From plan design to enrollment and claims
Generalized industry reference. Customer care and digital experience continue across the member and claim lifecycle.
The detailed capability groups describe the work and handoffs; they are not a mandatory member journey sequence.
- Plan designGeneralized industry reference.
- Broker compensation configurationGeneralized industry reference. Agent and broker incentive programs are configured against the policy administration platform.
- Plan configurationGeneralized industry reference. The policy administration platform holds products, plans and policies.
- Self-service or agent-assisted enrollmentGeneralized industry reference. Enrollment connects the member with coverage and access to claims and service.
- ClaimsGeneralized industry reference. The detailed stages below retain member identity, claims intake, adjudication, payment and reconciliation, and reporting.
Customer care and digital experience continue
Generalized industry reference. Both continue after enrollment, during claims and across the lifecycle.
- Customer care
Continuing service and human continuity across the lifecycle, including after a claim. - Digital experience
Member access to cards, benefits, accumulators and explanations of benefits across the lifecycle.
My responsibilities
I automated parts of product setup and approval work, connecting requirements with business-impact analysis and partner readiness.
I modernized enrollment using Kafka, connecting platform behavior with usable member access. Enrollment case study.
I led work on a member digital migration across enrollment, claims, cards, benefits and accumulators.
I worked on paper-claim to EDI 837 conversion, specifying how paper claims become structured, testable information. Claims automation, provider resolution and claims reconciliation show the separate work behind the claims lifecycle.
My pharmacy customer-care console work is separate from this generalized member-care reference. The agentic customer-care platform is a public design study.
Capability groups and handoffs
The detailed groups below retain the work and contributions; they are not a mandatory member journey sequence.
- Enrollment activates membership and downstream member access
- One person, one identifier, across every system that will ever ask
- Products, plans and the people paid to sell them
- Paper becomes data, or it becomes a backlog
- Eligibility, benefits, formulary, rebates — the rules that decide what is paid
- If a system cannot tell you what it dropped, assume it dropped something
- The card, the explanation of benefits, the deductible — on a screen, on time
- The reports the business actually reads — and the test data nobody had
Generalized industry reference.
Stage 1 · Enrollment
Enrollment activates membership and downstream member access
What happens
- Group and individual enrollments arrive as EDI 834 transactions or through sales systems during open enrollment; brokers and agents are paid on what they sell.
What I built or changed
- I modernized enrollment using Kafka, connecting platform behavior with usable member access.
- I worked on a benefits-product launch and made continuity a readiness concern.
- I investigated sales-to-enrollment data quality so campaign reporting reflected the underlying journey.
Illustrative measures
- Time to active member; enrollment fallout; campaign conversion.
Stage 2 · Member identity
One person, one identifier, across every system that will ever ask
What happens
- Customer master data management resolves a person across enrollment, claims, digital and service — the individual and household books of record every other system validates against.
What I built or changed
- I led shared-data product work using Reltio.
- I challenged migration sequencing with dependency evidence and helped protect dependent capabilities.
Illustrative measures
- Match rate; duplicate rate; downstream validation latency.
Stage 3 · Policy administration
Products, plans and the people paid to sell them
What happens
- The policy administration platform holds products, plans and policies; agent and broker incentive programs are configured and paid against it.
What I built or changed
- I automated parts of product setup and approval work, connecting requirements with business-impact analysis and partner readiness.
- I worked on integration between sales and enrollment to reduce avoidable customer waiting.
Illustrative measures
- Launch cycle time; manual entry defects; partner satisfaction score.
Stage 4 · Claims intake
Paper becomes data, or it becomes a backlog
What happens
- Provider claims arrive electronically as 837 professional and institutional transactions, or on paper; paper must be captured, read and converted.
What I built or changed
- I worked on paper-claim to EDI 837 conversion, specifying how paper claims become structured, testable information.
- I helped replace limited parsing capability with more complete handling of claim attributes.
Illustrative measures
- Auto-conversion rate; intake cycle time; attributes captured per claim.
Stage 5 · Adjudication
Eligibility, benefits, formulary, rebates — the rules that decide what is paid
What happens
- Eligibility (270/271), benefits and accumulators; for pharmacy claims, formulary position and the rebate contracts behind it; provider matching.
What I built or changed
- I rebuilt formulary-related workflows, worked on rebate and drug-list capabilities, and served as a specialty-pharmacy SME across business, design and QA.
- I centralized drug information using First Databank and Medi-Span and supported reuse through an API.
- I used a provider-matching proof of concept to inform funding and explain the consequences of changing a match rule.
Illustrative measures
- Auto-adjudication rate; rebate accuracy; fallout per thousand claims.
Stage 6 · Payment & reconciliation
If a system cannot tell you what it dropped, assume it dropped something
What happens
- Payment, coordination of benefits with secondary payers, and the reconciliation that proves every received claim was processed.
What I built or changed
- I identified claims missing from completion reporting and helped establish ongoing completeness visibility.
- I connected more complete claim interpretation with accurate application of payment rules.
Illustrative measures
- Received vs processed, daily; days-to-pay; excess-payment recoveries.
Stage 7 · Member digital experience
The card, the explanation of benefits, the deductible — on a screen, on time
What happens
- ID cards, explanations of benefits, benefits and accumulators surfaced to members in a digital experience.
What I built or changed
- I led work on a member digital migration across enrollment, claims, cards, benefits and accumulators.
- I reverse-engineered Medicare deductible logic for an accumulator experience and examined related service needs.
Illustrative measures
- Digital adoption; call deflection; time from event to display.
Stage 8 · Reporting & analytics
The reports the business actually reads — and the test data nobody had
What happens
- Data marts, operational reports and dashboards over relational databases; regulatory reporting to CMS.
What I built or changed
- I automated claims test-data generation with a script approved by the data-quality team.
- I automated reporting and used Tableau to make reconciliation and exceptions visible.
Illustrative measures
- Report latency; manual hours returned; data-quality defects caught before production.